The California Urban Heat Island Effect

Last week Anthony Watts had a post at WUWT in which he talked about a new effort to find out just how much the urban environment was affecting the temperatures at Californian weather stations. The study is being carried out in conjunction with the EPA, and the announcement came by e-mail rather than a more conventional press release.

I was interested since, as part of series that I carried out looking at the US Historic Climate Network (USHCN) data, I plotted temperatures for the stations in each state as a function of latitude, longitude, elevation and local population. The first three values were identified with the information at each station. The local population for a town can be found on the web in several different places, and very largely I relied on the city-data web sites for information (see, for e.g. this for Sacremento).

The question arose as to which particular temperature should be used for that of the station, since the USHCN provides annual average temperatures, as raw data, Time of Observation (TOBS) corrected and “adjusted.” When the original post for California was written, only the last of these was available, and thus it formed the basis of the analysis. Shortly thereafter, in 2010, the USHCN site also provided the raw data, and the TOBS temperatures for each station, each year. The data was therefore re-analyzed using the TOBS values. But the plot that was originally generated was plotting the current population against the average temperature since 1895.

As the study grew to include more states, that plot seemed to be an error, since populations can change very rapidly, and go up as well as down. So, towards the end of the series the average temperature was taken only for the past five years, since this was likely to reflect the impact of current populations. At the same time, since there is little difference between the two sets of values in this period, the “adjusted” values were used to derive the plot. It looks like this:


Figure 1. The comparison of average California station temperature plotted relative to adjacent population, with a log-normal plot.

Now the “discovery” of a log-normal relationship is not new. Oke has been studying the topic for decades, and has proposed such a relationship. But it does have a side effect. Consider what happens when the trend line is shown on a normal plot:

Figure 2. The comparison of average California station temperature plotted relative to adjacent population, with a normal scale on both axes.

There is a “kick-over” in the rate of temperature rise at around a population of 10,000. (In fact this is a curve and the sharp transition is an artifact of the software, but it illustrates the trend). Temperature gains for smaller gains in population are higher below that level, while those above that population require a larger population growth to get the same increase. (Failure to recognize this is one of the underlying faults of the Berkeley Earth Project work on the topic.) Since the GISS data on temperatures also does not recognize any difference in population size below 10,000 it is also a fault of that data set.

I am curious to see how the California study pans out, I did drop a note with this finding to William Dean, as the e-mail suggested, and he was courteous enough to reply noting that this was “an interesting approach.”

As I pointed out to him, the strength of that relationship is, perhaps, borne out not only by the R^2 value, but by the consistency of the coefficient over the plots for a number of states. The tabulation is as follows:



I have had to cut the list in two to allow screen capture.


Figure 3. Correlation Coefficients for the relationship of temperature to local conditions with temperatures in degrees C.



And similarly for the table where I have converted the temperatures to def F.


Figure 4. Correlation Coefficients for the relationship of temperature to local conditions with temperatures in degrees F.

BEST and a growing controvery.

Some time ago it appeared that the Berkeley Earth Surface Temperature (BEST) Study was going to be a new review, critically supported by both those that believe in Anthropogenic Global Warming and those more dubious about the quality of the data that had led to that conclusion. The first papers have been released, and the controversy over what they found, which seemed relatively minor at the beginning, is now starting to get some notice.

Bishop Hill has drawn attention to an article in the London Mail on line in which Dr. Judith Curry voices concern about the papers and the way the information was released. Up in Canada, Steve McIntyre is raising more points of concern in successive posts at Climate Audit. And within the comments at both sites there are further growing areas of contention being identified.

I have, as those who read the individual state reviews that have been posted here over the last two years (and which are listed down the left side of the page) my own concerns. I have sent these to the attention of the BEST Executive Director. To validate their reality I went back to each of the data tables used to generate the graphs for each state, and checked them for correctness. I found that at the beginning the curves for temperature variance with latitude, longitude , elevation and population had included the temperatures for the GISS stations in a state as well as the USHCN station data. This is a mistake, as the continuing study showed how different the two sets of data are. I have thus re-plotted the data using only temperatures for the USHCN set (both homogenized and for the TOBS data).

I will now go back and change the plotted graphs for each state to make sure that they are the correct ones, but this may take a few days, so in the mean time, please be patient.

In the meanwhile you might ponder this plot which is figure 4 from their paper on the Urban Heat Island Effect.

Map of stations in and near the United States with at least 70 years of measurements; red stations are those with positive trends and blue stations are those with negative trends. (The BEST Project).