OGPSS - The Appalachian Basin, simple lessons in the beginning

There are a number of different ways of getting oil from a reservoir, and, to radically oversimplify, the harder that you try to maximize the rate of production of oil from a well, then the shorter the overall life of the well will be, and there is a strong likelihood that the amount of oil, in total, that the well recovers will also decline with that increased extraction rate. This lesson, that of controlling the extraction rate from a reservoir to maximize absolute production volumes is one that Saudi Aramco practices, and because of that approach, has me quite doubtful that they will ever produce more than 12 mbd. (At least as long as the present faction of the House of Saud remains in power). To do so would hurt their absolute recoveries, and with the slower and more controlled extraction they have demonstrated that they can recover higher percentages of the total volume of oil originally present in the reservoir. It is not, however, a philosophy that is widely adopted. And yet, instead of the owners of the wells having that prescience, on occasion it has been other external forces that have driven the extraction rates from the wells, and thus controlled the length of their life and the total ultimate recoveries. The Appalachian oilfields in the United States, where much of this story began, has a history that helps illustrate some of these points.

The Oil Age is famously credited as having started with the drilling of the Drake Well in Titusville, Pennsylvania in 1859, although Ohio claims that the “First Oil Well”, was the Thorla-McKee well which was drilled and cased in oak in 1814. There is similarly a claim for the first great American oil well in Burkesville, Kentucky in 1829. I mention these as much to indicate that it was not that difficult initially to encounter oil in different parts of the country, and relatively close to the surface. The Drake well had only to extend down to 69.5 ft before it struck oil, and it made around 20 barrels of oil a day – but it was this well that opened the way to the oil industry of today.

Geological column at the Drake well site. The oil was found in the Riceville Shale (The Paleontological Research Institution)

Following on from that development, the production of oil from the nearby oilfields, first of Pennsylvania and then also into West Virginia in what became known as the Appalachian Basin dominated early American crude oil supply. :

Consider this - Pennsylvania was responsible for 1/2 of the WORLD'S production of oil until the East Texas oil boom of 1901.

Yet when we look at the map of the top oilfields ranked by proven reserves, as issued by the EIA, none of the fields in that region even appears today.

Top 100 oilfields ranked by proven reserves in 2009 (EIA)

There are two thoughts that come from this. The first is that just because an area was productive of oil at one time does not mean that it can continue to be so. And as productive fields are exhausted and production moves elsewhere the remaining oil in the field becomes less attractive as a reserve to be developed. The original Drake well at Titusville, for example, stopped producing after two years. Yet many of the wells that continued production were not produced with the tools that drive higher production today, and so tended to last much longer, but at low levels of production.

Which brings me to a second thought, which is more exemplified by wells in the Gulf of Mexico that were damaged during the Hurricanes in 2005. Until then these platforms had been producing small quantities of oil on a regular basis. But after the hurricane destruction those small quantities of oil that could be still recovered did not frequently justify the increased financial investment in extensive new drilling and repair that would have been required to re-create productive wells. And so the remaining oil in parts of the area was abandoned. Many of the wells in Appalachia ended up in a similar state.

The oil and gas fields of PA lie in the upper left (North-West) corner of the state, and are, at the moment, under much greater scrutiny again because of the natural gas that is found in the Marcellus shale that runs through the state.

Conventional Oil and gas fields in PA (PA Department of Conservation and Natural Resources )

The Marcellus is not shown on the above map, but I showed its extent in the recent post on the EIA shale gas report. Twenty-four fields are currently listed. Conditions during the oil boom at the end of the 19th Century were more intense even than the gas boom of today.

Less than twelve months ago McDonald, Pennsylvania, eighteen miles west of Pittsburgh, was a sleepy and commonplace little coal-mining town. In six months it doubled in population and became the busiest and most typical oil town in the country.

In this oil field on June 1st 1891 there were three completed oil wells. By November there were over three hundred wells in various stages, of which nearly one half were in and about McDonald.

Interestingly as Caplinger notes

Drilling and production in the United States have been governed by the price of oil, classic supply-and-demand responses to economic reality. After the initial discovery of oil at Drake’s well in 1859, prices were up to $16.00 a barrel, but high production quickly lowered the price to a fraction of this. Appalachian oil averaged $1.80 a barrel after the initial period of extremely high prices, reaching a low of 56 cents per barrel in 1892, and a high of $5.35 a barrel in 1920. Between 1859 and 1930 the price of oil in the United States averaged $1.34 per barrel. Well production in Appalachia averaged 0.6 barrels a day (the nation’s lowest), while the national average was 8.4 barrels per day.

However, Appalachia’s oil wells were the longest-lived in the country, and proved their worth in long-term production. On average, they returned 2.9 percent of their initial drilling cost per year.

Of the 600,000 wells drilled in the United States between 1959 and 1930 about half were still producing in 1930, and of these 242,000 had been drilled in Appalachia, of which 20% were dry holes and 149,000 were still producing in 1930. The average cost to drill a well in Appalachia at that time was $11,474.

Not all wells were that unproductive, although higher producers also tended to be shorter lived, (ibid)

The Funk (or Fountain) well produced 300 barrels a day for over a year before suddenly going dry. The Empire well, drilled in September of 1861, produced 3,000 barrels a day for eight months, slowing to 1,200 barrels by May 1862 before production dropped to nothing. In October of 1861, a well drilled by William Phillips on the Tarr farm on lower Oil Creek began flowing 4,000 barrels a day, probably the largest flowing well in the region’s history.

The Tarr Farm property, which once controlled the price of crude, is now long gone.

Yet not all wells ran dry that quickly. The well at the McClintock property in PA was drilled in 1861, and with long term care, and low production, is still producing 150 years later. It has, however, never produced more than 50 barrels of oil a day, and today only produces 1 - 2 bd, which is largely sold to tourists.

Unfortunately the typical well in PA was not that long lived, and the 350,000 that have been drilled, have collectively produced around 1.4 billion barrels of oil, since 1959. The Appalachian oil fields of PA oil had reached a production of 2 million barrels a year (mbpa) by 1862, and peaked at 32 million barrels a year (721 kbd) in 1892. By 1990 production had fallen to 2 mbpa again.

PA oil production (from Caplinger after Harper and Cozard

Oil production from the basin had fallen to not much more than a million barrels a year by 2001 and even though PA has no severance tax, as the following table shows, once a resource is gone . . . . .

State regulations on wells in the Appalachian Basin (Center for Rural Pennyslvania)

There was some move to looking deeper (and more expensively) at regions of the state for more resources but that has been overtaken by the developments in the Marcellus Shale. Crude oil production from PA, however, rose from 1.3 mbpa in 1997 to 3.6 mbpa in 2008.

The Oil and Gas Production Sunday Series

We are now in the period where the subject of peak oil is no longer getting the ridicule that it created when we started discussing the topic as Kyle and I formed The Oil Drum back in 2005. It is still not a widely accepted fact, and my object, in helping Kyle to found TOD was not to merely publicize the coming of this particular point in history. Rather it was to help folk understand the background to the evolution of the crisis, and to document it as it developed. That particular mission is far from being over, though Nate Hagens would argue differently about the initial mission of TOD:

For the past 5 years, The Oil Drum has been a home base for many high level discussions about the details and implications surrounding an early peak in global crude oil production as well as topics on society and energy in general. The entire site was started, and continued, by volunteers, in what might be described as a loose anarchy glued by social capital and a desire to puzzle solve the complexities surrounding energy depletion. Over time, on these pages, our contributing staff and especially the many readers who joined the discussions, have pushed the envelope in publicly analyzing what was/is one of the central issues of our time - the opportunities and constraints facing society during the upcoming energy transition.

In many ways our initial mission is over.

Given that and the changes at TOD, it may be that they will move away somewhat from what I initially set out to do. And so this site will continue its merry way, trying to meet that original goal which will, perforce, remain my mission here at Bit Tooth, since it is one that I feel is far from over.

Part of the problem for a lay person, in trying to understand the reality that is coming to pass, is that there are many conflicting stories, and ways in which data is presented, so that without a basic appreciation of what oil is where, and what will and won’t be available when, and who wants it, it becomes difficult to understand what is actually going on.

Over the past couple of years I have tried to provide, in Sunday posts, some basic explanations on how oil and natural gas are extracted from the ground, and I followed that with a series on coal that has just concluded. I will shortly re-arrange these and provide an archival list for them at the bottom right of the page. At the top of the page I am going to start providing an archive to the series that I now anticipate will form the next set of Sunday posts.


It is going to combine a little bit of history (along the lines that Econbrowser posted on Saturday about the initial discovery by “Colonel” Drake, in Pennsylvania in 1859, with the evolution and current status of some of those fields. (And again Econbrower has beaten me to that particular punch by posting the plot, taken from Caplinger which shows the historic production from the more than 350,000 oil and gas wells that have been drilled in that state, since that time.

PA production of oil from 1890 to 1990.

The production of PA oil did not, however, come from just one single oil reservoir, but rather from a large number of different pools, of which 149 had been identified, and listed, by 1928. The last reported was the Atlantic in Crawford County. More recent evaluations have consolidated these down to a list of 24 fields. But it illustrates a point that one cannot focus just on the oil in a state (or country) one has to consider the reservoirs, and their sizes, in which the oil and gas are found.

Original map from Pennsylvania’s Mineral Heritage, as quoted by Caplinger.

Since the time that the above map was made oilwell drilling technology has undergone considerable change, so that, with the coming of long horizontal, multi-fractured slick-water wells it has become possible to produce gas from the Marcellus shale in PA, and the energy production capacity of the state has been resurrected.

Extent of the Marcellus Shale (Marcellus Shale Coalition)

However, based on the performance of somewhat similar gas wells drilled into the Barnett Shale in Texas, and the current glut of gas that has come to a market as the development of gas shales has expanded, the exact immediate future of that production is not yet clear.

There is therefore both a historic and a current importance to visiting PA (not to mention the coal reserves – but we’re going to leave that for a later series). So it is with a number of other states. Colorado, for example, was the second state to discover an oilfield within its bounds, 13 months after the PA discovery. It still ranks 11th in the country in proven reserves of oil, and is the 7th largest producer of natural gas, from 7 of the top 50 gas fields in the country. It also has the largely undeveloped oil shales which hold a kerogen that, if it could be viably produced at scale, would provide a significant change to the world energy supplies. And in that roll I had better not forget Texas, or . . . . well the list goes on.

It would be very easy to get into great technical detail in this series, but that would defeat the intent with which I am starting out. Rather the goal is to try and show how oil (and gas) production developed, what it is now, and what can be expected in the future. There has to be some level of detail to the discussion, since some of the super-giant oil fields, such as Ghawar in Saudi Arabia, have been producing for many decades and may thus require a post of their own. And then there are claims of planned increases in production from fields such as the Ramaila field in Iraq. The Chinese are helping develop, and push this field from a production of 1 mbd to a target of 2.85 mbd. Since that production and similar volumes from similar relatively underdeveloped fields might impact the overall volumes of oil that are available, I will stop and discuss those individually as the series moves along.

So while the overall intent is to provide a broad picture of the oil and gas supplies of the world, and where they are used, the series will focus, as it evolves, on individual producers and the history of some of the fields, since it serves both as a way of predicting what might come in the future, but also serves as an indication of the results of different ways of extracting the fuel through different strategies in the past.

Well that is the plan! See you here next Sunday?